The International Labour Organization says a billion workers are exposed to hazardous substances each year and that the expansion of chemical production and industries using them leads to a greater potential for occupational exposure. Hazardous substance exposure can result in death, disability or chronic disease. Chemical manufacturers risk operational suspension and imposition of civil and criminal liabilities including penalties and damage awards in consequence. As of 2026, these risks have expanded considerably with recent regulatory designations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as hazardous substances, creating new compliance requirements.
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Global focus
Recognising the risk of hazardous waste management
Whether through direct use, storage, transportation or disposal, leading chemical manufacturing firms embody a heightened risk awareness
People: Social & Governance impacts
Chemicals
AT A GLANCE
Chemical manufacturers are particularly exposed to risks associated with hazardous waste management.
Recent designation of PFAS as hazardous substances under CERCLA creates significant new liabilities and remediation requirements.
The management of hazardous waste presents escalating risks for chemical manufacturers, with new regulations requiring stricter compliance.
Regulatory shifts
The U.S. EPA's April 2024 designation of PFOA and PFOS as hazardous substances under CERCLA has created significant new compliance requirements. In the UK, stricter limits on hazardous material disposal and expanded lists of hazardous substances have been introduced, with EPR schemes requiring producers to reduce hazardous components during design. Small Quantity Generators must re-notify the EPA of hazardous waste activities by September 1, 2025. The 2025 Infrastructure Report Card notes that decreased incinerator capacity and qualified waste transport driver shortages could impact future hazardous waste management.
Workplace actions
Proactive approaches to protecting workers from chemical hazards require significant investment but mitigate risks of liabilities, penalties, and higher future costs. BASF Corporation manages and incinerates hazardous wastes at facilities like its Hannibal Plant, recently receiving a renewed hazardous waste permit following thorough review. Linde has established a global policy for chemicals of concern, examining environmental, health and safety risks.
Engagement & portfolio changes
Companies are making strategic decisions about hazardous material operations. In February 2025, Air Products exited three U.S.-based projects, expecting a pre-tax charge up to $3.1 billion. The company terminated agreements for projects in California, New York and Texas to streamline its backlog and focus on value projects, showing how chemical companies evaluate hazardous substance risks alongside financial performance.
Inaction not a viable option
Inadequate hazardous waste management has severe consequences. In February 2024, the UN Human Rights Office reported DuPont and Chemours discharged toxic PFAS in North Carolina, disregarding residents' rights. Such cases highlight reputational, legal, and financial risks from insufficient management. The 2025 infrastructure report notes 692 remediated Superfund sites support over 10,000 businesses and in $18.8 billion in employment income, showing that remediation can lead to economic gains.
FURTHER READING
- Key EPA Actions to Address PFAS (EPA)
- Hazardous Waste (2025 Report Card)
- The Changing Landscape of the Hazardous Waste Industry in the UK: 2025 and Beyond (NOVUS Environmental)
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